ABSTRACT
Domestic and foreign literatures related to the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and the re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 were reviewed, and the characteristics and infectivity of the re-positive cases were analyzed to provide scientific evidence for the improvement of case management and the development of measures to stop the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Existing studies have shown that re-positive rate of SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 2.4% to 19.8%, the median of interval between re-positive detection and discharge was 4-15 days. Following the second course of the disease, the anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM, IgG and IgA positive rates of the cases were 11.11%-86.08%, 52.00%-100.00% and 61.54%-100.00% respectively, the total antibody and neutralizing antibody positive rates were 98.72% and 88.46%. The viral load of the re-positive cases was lower than that in the initial infection. At least 3 380 re-positive cases have been reported globally. SARS-CoV-2 strains were isolated from the samples of 3 re-positive cases (1 immunodeficiency case and 2 cases with abnormal pulmonary imaging). There were close contacts that were infected by an asymptomatic case taking immunosuppressive agents. In conclusion, the infectivity of re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 is generally very low. Rare re-positive cases infected with SARS-CoV-2 might cause further transmission. The management approach for the re-positive cases can be based on the assessment of the individual transmission risk according to the pathogen detection results.
Subject(s)
Humans , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibodies, Viral , COVID-19 , Immunoglobulin M , SARS-CoV-2ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the clinical results of modified N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate skin adhesive in the application of facial trauma.Methods A total of 687 patients had been analyzed retrospectively from August 2009 to July 2014,and all the wounds of these patients had not obtained the anatomical repositioning after pure manual reduction with tissue glue or pure stitches.Improved tissue adhesive method was as follows:point coating,decomposition and glue with stitches.Results Anatomical repositioning was obtained in 685 wounds of 687 cases with improved tissue adhesive method.Infection occurred in the wounds of 2 cases (0.29％),but no other complications occurred in all patients.During postoperative 3 months of follow-up,clinical results were satisfactory for all patients.Conclusions The improved method of tissue glue has fewer postoperative complications,beautiful and more satisfatory appearance,economic,safer and reliable in the application of facial trauma.